White Men

About 12,000 years ago immigrants from Asia crossed the Beringia [Bering land bridge] into present day Alaska. There is genetic evidence that these migrant tribes were the foundation from which all American native populations descended. The Navajo and Apache Indians of the Southwest speak an Athabaskan language similar to that of natives in Alaska and Western Canada.

These first foreigners were the original immigrants to come to America. Over the next 11,500 years they spread throughout North, Central and South America forming tribes. Some of these became Inca, Aztec, Mya, Sioux, Apache and hundreds of smaller tribes. Beyond America, they set a drift from Peru and Chile to populate Polynesia including Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands. As the original settlers, America became their land. By our year of 1500, this all began to change.


The arrival of Europeans brought new technology and a change of ownership of the land. Vast areas of the Americas were claimed for Spain, England and France. Settlements were built and villages renamed using European terms. Conflicts developed between the Europeans over land ownership and by 1850 these had been resolved into the present day countries we know as America.

Some of the best examples of these changes took place in the Southwest United States. The land and it's human settlements had been named by the Indians who first arrived. The Spanish came and renamed many of these places for christian saints only to lose the land to the new United States in the Mexican-American War of 1846. The Mexican states of Alta California, and Nuevo Mexico were taken from Mexico by the treaty of Hidalgo. Today, great American cities like Los Angeles, [ The Angeles] and Albuquerque [The Cork region in Spain] have Spanish names. Albuquerque was originally the Navajo [Dine'] city of Bee'eldiildahsinil, long before the Spanish came. Ancestors of the Kumeyaay, who lived in present day San Diego, today operate the Barona, Sycuan, and Viejas casinos.

Many of these original native Seri, Cucapa, Opata, Yaqui, Kumeyaay, Paipai, and Cochimi have been renamed as "Mexicans". These people are seen as immigrants or worse as "illegals" and foreigners who have invaded the United States. The reality is their ancestors have lived in this region for over 10,000 years.

When we read about the "Illegal Immigrant problem" we should ask ourselves; Who are the illegals and who has the original right to the land? The people we call, "Mexican" or other Hispanic names are really 90% native Indians who have lived the Americas long before Christ. The "white man" is not native to the Americas.

Time has come today.........

In 1675 the Royal Observatory at Greenwich established GMT [Greenwich Mean Time] and the system of Longitude to aid mariners. This system divided the world into 360 degrees with 15 degrees equal to one hour of time.

The issue was less a concern about time, [all time was called "local time" and kept by a town clock], but more about location of ships at sea. A prize was awarded for the solution to finding accurate longitude within 30 nautical miles. This was the Longitude Prize of 20,000 pounds [about 6 million Euros today]. The prize was won in 1827 by John Harrison with the invention of Marine Chronometer, the first accurate marine clock. Setting the clock to GMT on board ship allowed the Captain to know how far east or west of London he was compared to local time at noon, solar mid day. If the local time was Noon but it was 3 PM in London then he was 45 degrees longitude west of London. The Earth is divided into 24, 15 degree zones.

By 1847 British Railway had adopted GMT as "Railway Time" to maintain the schedule for trains. In 1880 it became Britain's legal time. Time keeping on American railroads was much different with each railroad keeping their own time based on their headquarters. Large railroad stations had multiple clocks for each railroad. In 1863, Charles Dowd purposed a system of one hour Time Zones the first centered in Washington 75 degrees west of Greenwich.
The railroads adopted a similar system with local resistance until 1918 with the Standard Time Act.

However, Sanford Fleming proposed a single world time zone with a 24 hour clock in 1876. Such a "universal day" was widely discussed and in 1884 The International Meridian Conference agreed to the use of the 24 hour clock beginning at Greenwich at midnight but also agreed .."shall not interfere with the use of local or stand time where desirable"

In effect we are using GMT, now called UTC [Coordinated Universal Time], today and converting to local time to accommodate custom. As we become more global and through use of the internet, the use of UTC will increase until we all accept Universal Time as the standard. The US Military has switched to Zula Time, UTC, as their global standard.